Illusion Mirror

An illusion mirror is a pair of mirrors, one fully reflective and the other a one-way mirror, set up so that the fully reflective mirror reflects an image back into the one-way mirror, in a recursive manner, creating a series of smaller and smaller reflections that appear to recede into an infinite distance. They are used as room accents and in artwork.This effect is also seen when a subject stands between two fully reflective mirrors, as in a changing room or house of mirrors.

In a classic self-contained infinity mirror, a set of light bulbs, LEDs, or other point-source lights are placed at the periphery of a fully reflective mirror, and a second, partially reflective one-way mirror, is placed a short distance in front of it. When an observer looks into the surface of the partially reflective mirror, the lights appear to recede into infinity, creating the appearance of a tunnel of lights of great depth.

The reflections recede into the distance is that the light actually is traversing the distance it appears to be traveling. In a two-centimeter thick infinity mirror, with the light sources halfway between, light from the source only travels that one centermeter. The first reflection travels one centimeter to the rear mirror and then two centimeters to, and through the front mirror, a total of three centimeters. The second reflection travels two centimeters from front mirror to back mirror, and again two centimeters from the back mirror to, and through the front mirror, totaling four centimeters, plus the first reflection (three centimeters) making the second reflection seven centimeters away from the front mirror. Each successive reflection adds four more centimeters to the total (the third reflection appears 11 centimeters deep, fourth 15 centimeters deep, and so on).

The multiply-reflected light follows a folded path which is much deeper than the arrangement of mirrors. In theory, such a surface is infinite in area, but encloses a finite volume.

TUTORIAL LINK: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=b2bvWArORSc

Balloon Powered Car

  Your balloon powered car demonstrates Newton's 3rd law of motion. Newton's third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. When the air from the balloon goes through the straw, it carries a force. The direction of this force is in the direction of the flow of the air, in your case, to the back of the car. This is force is 'action'. According to Newton's 3rd law, there should be an equal and opposite reaction. The reaction force will then work opposite of the air flow, meaning towards front of the car. This force will cause the car to move forward. So you see, Newton's 3rd law can explain your balloon powered car. 

TUTORIAL LINK: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=A963BG3k_h4 

Step Up And Step Down Transformers

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force across a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Commonly, transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating current in electric power applications.

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding. This varying magnetic field he secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use of Faraday's law (discovered in 1831) in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.

Since the invention of the first constant potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electrical energy. A wide range of transformer designs are encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.

TUTORIAL LINK: Can be made as a model. Batteries can be added along with LED's to show electricity production.

Salt Water Battery

A salt water battery employs a concentrated saline solution as its electrolyte. They are nonflammable and more easily recycled than batteries that employ toxic and/or flammable materials.

Aquion Energy's batteries are classified as standard goods with no special handling required in shipment. It has no life-reducing side reactions while not in use. It is robust to any variable cycling profiles and long duration intervals while partially charged. Maintenance cycling to maintain performance/life is unnecessary. Its optimal operating temperature range is -5 °C to 40 °C and are little affected by operational temperature swings. It operates without auxiliary loads or an external power supply. Its chemistry not susceptible to thermal runaway. Active thermal management is generally required, except given extreme ambient temperature.Its mechanical materials can be recycled in normal recycling streams. Chemical materials can be disposed without special equipment or containers.

A different design used an electrolyte that has a salt to water ratio of six to one, nearly saturated, such that it could also be called a water in salt battery.

TUTORIAL LINK: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5vOuj_feM2s

Lemon Battery

A lemon battery is a simple battery often made for the purpose of education. Typically, a piece of zinc metal (such as a galvanized nail) and a piece of copper (such as a penny) are inserted into a lemon and connected by wires. Power generated by reaction of the metals is used to power a small device such as a LED.

The lemon battery is similar to the first electric battery invented in 1800 by Alessendro Volta, who used brine (salt water) instead of lemon juice. The lemon battery illustrates the type of chemical reaction (oxidation-reduction) that occurs in batteries. The zinc and copper are called the electrodes, and the juice inside the lemon is called the electrolyte. There are many variations of the lemon cell that use different fruits (or liquids) as electrolytes and metals other than zinc and copper as electrodes.

CHEMICAL REACTION:-

TUTORIAL LINK: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rB11w2c4RnM

Potato Battery

A  Potato Battery is a simple battery often made for the purpose of education. Typically, a piece of zinc metal (such as a galvanized nail) and a piece of copper a (penny) are inserted into a lemon and connected by wires. Power generated by reaction of the metals is used to power a small device such as a LED.

The lemon battery is similar to the first electric battery invented in 1800 by Alessendro Volta, who used brine (salt water) instead of potato juice. The potato battery illustrates the type of chemical reaction (oxidation-reduction) that occurs in batteries.The zinc and copper are called the electrodes, and the juice inside the potato is called the electrolyte. There are many variations of the potato cell that use different fruits (or liquids) as electrolytes and metals other than zinc and copper as electrodes.

Potatoes have phosphoric acid and work well; they are the basis for commercial "potato clock" kits. Due to a misunderstanding of the energy source, potato batteries with LED lighting have been proposed for use in poor countries or by off-grid populations. International research begun in 2010 showed that boiling potatoes for eight minutes improves their electrical output, as does placing slices of potatoes between multiple copper and zinc plates. Boiled and chopped plantain pith (stem) is also suitable, according to Sri Lankan researchers. The energy comes from the metal, not from the potato or other plant, and refining the metal consumes more energy than is delivered.

CHEMICAL REACTION:-

TUTORIAL LINK: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=noI7TmspMrM

Fire Alarms

A fire alarm system is number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors, and heat detectors. Alarms can be either motorised bells or wall mountable sounders or horns.

Primary power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 volt alternating current source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated branch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single appliance.

Secondary (backup) power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.

Initiating devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically activated. Examples would be devices pull stations, heat detectors, or smoke detectors. Heat and smoke detectors have different categories of both kinds. Some categories are beam, photoelectrical, aspiration, and duct.

After the fire protection goals are established – usually by referencing the minimum levels of protection mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and other authorities – the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components, arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals. Equipment specifically manufactured for these purposes is selected and standardized installation methods are anticipated during the design.

Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems (EVACS) [6] to provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages. Voice Alarm systems are typically used in high-rise buildings, arenas and other large "defend-in-place" occupancies such as Hospitals and Detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult to achieve.

TTUTORIAL LINK: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IaGQMxPap5o

Mini Walking Robot

This robot is used for many purposes. Its main use is for farming. It has other uses such as working in nuclear stations and places where there is a risk to human life.

TUTORIAL LINK: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EmrxTOVJrnA

Water Rocket

A water rocket is a type of model rocket using water as its reaction mass. Such a rocket is typically made from a used plastic soft drink bottle. The water is forced out by a pressurized gas, typically compressed air. Like all rocket engines, it operates on the principle of Newton's third law of motion.

The bottle is partly filled with water and sealed. The bottle is then pressurized with a gas, usually air compressed from a bicycle pump, air compressor, or cylinder up to 125 psi, but sometimes CO2 or nitrogen from a cylinder.

Water and gas are used in combination, with the gas providing a means to store potential energy, as it is compressible, and the water increasing the mass fraction and providing greater force when ejected from the rocket's nozzle. Sometimes additives are combined with the water to enhance performance in different ways. For example: salt can be added to increase the density of the reaction mass resulting in a higher specific impulse. Soap is also sometimes used to create a dense foam in the rocket which lowers the density of the expelled reaction mass but increases the duration of thrust.

Water and gas are used in combination, with the gas providinThe seal on the nozzle of the rocket is then released and rapid expulsion of water occurs at high speeds until the propellant has been used up and the air pressure inside the rocket drops to atmospheric pressure. There is a net force created on the rocket in accordance with Newton's third law. The expulsion of the water thus can cause the rocket to leap a considerable distance into the air.

In addition to aerodynamic considerations, altitude and flight duration are dependent upon the volume of water, the initial pressure, the rocket nozzle's size, and the unloaded weight of the rocket. The relationship between these factors is complex and several simulators have been written to explore these and other factors.

Often the pressure vessel is built from one or more used plastic soft drink bottles, but polycarbonate fluorescent tube covers, plastic pipes, and other light-weight pressure-resistant cylindrical vessels have also been used.

Typically launch pressures vary from 75 to 150 psi (500 to 1000 kPa). The higher the pressure, the larger the stored energy.

TUTORIAL LINK: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5YS-ETfGM8w 

Pet Immune Sensor

Pet immune motion detectors disregard the motion caused by animals weighing less than 80 pounds (in many instances). Most security system motion detectors use passive infrared (PIR) motion detector technology to monitor heat changes in a designated area.

With a traditional motion detector, when your pet enters the coverage area, a sensor is tripped and causes a false alarm. Pet immune motion detectors ignore the motion caused by animals and thus reduce the likelihood a false alarm. Features vary by manufacturer and model, but can include selectable sensitivity for pets up to 40 pounds or those weighing up to 80 pounds and can be set to disregard one large pet, like a full-grown dog or several small pets, like cats.

TUTORIAL LINK: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PHRVonRc_ug

Generating Electricity From Friction

This is a power project based on the fact that electricity can be generated with the help of speed  breaker by making gear arrangement and using electronics gadgets, thus a huge amount of electricity can be generated saving lot of money. And if implemented will be very beneficial.

This is the new method of electricity generation,This project is about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with the SPEED BREAKERS. Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface heat is produced.An energy crisis is any great bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy.It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage, electricity shortage electricity crisis.

This project will work on the principle of “POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION”Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to change the states of objects in the system when the energy is released If h is the height above an arbitrarily assigned reference point.

Kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. Negative work of the same magnitude would be required to return the body to a state of rest from that velocity. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula:In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy.

When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip When the breaker come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a angular motion converter).This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity.A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute.

Knowledge of following terms is very useful while making project.

TUTORIAL LINK: New idea can be made like the project above. Batteries can be attached to the street lights. So when the car passes the speed breaker the lights will start by the button in the transformer.

Smoke Detector

A smoke detector is a device  that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.

Smoke detectors are typically housed in a disk-shaped plastic enclosure about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but the shape can vary by manufacturer or product line. Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization), while others use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned. Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. However, in many single-family detached and smaller multiple family housings, a smoke alarm is often powered only by a single disposable battery.

Some smoke alarms use a carbon monoxide sensor or carbon dioxide sensor to detect characteristic products of combustion. However, some gas sensors react on levels that are dangerous for humans but not typical for a fire; these are therefore not generally sensitive or fast enough to be used as fire detectors.[citation needed] Other gas sensors are even able to warn about particulate-free fires (e. g. certain alcohol fires).

Obscuration is a unit of measurement that has become the standard definition of smoke detector sensitivity. Obscuration is the effect that smoke has on reducing sensor visibility; higher concentrations of smoke result in higher obscuration levels.

TUTORIAL LINK: Can be bought online or from any Electric appliances store.

Van De Graaff Generator

a machine devised to produce a high voltage by means of an endless belt collecting electrostatic charge from a source and transferring it to a large isolated metal dome, on which a large charge accumulates.

The Van de Graaff generator was developed as a particle accelerator in physics research, its high potential is used to accelerate subatomic particles to high speeds in an evacuated tube. It was the most powerful type of accelerator in the 1930s until the cyclotron was developed. Today it is still used as an accelerator to generate energetic particle and x-ray beams in fields such as nuclear medicine.

A simple Van de Graaff-generator consists of a belt of rubber (or a similar flexible dielectric material) running over two rollers of differing material, one of which is surrounded by a hollow metal sphere. Two electrodes, (2) and (7), in the form of comb-shaped rows of sharp metal points, are positioned near the bottom of the lower roller and inside the sphere, over the upper roller. Comb (2) is connected to the sphere, and comb (7) to ground. The method of charging is based on the triboelectric effect, wherein simple contact of dissimilar materials causes the transfer of some electrons from one material to the other.

TUTORIAL LINK: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DVBkZUmwcBg

Geothermal Power Station

Geothermal power stations are similar to other steam turbine thermal power stations – heat from a fuel source (in geothermal'scase, the earth's core) is used to heat water or another working fluid. The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine of a generator, thereby producing electricity.

The earth’s heat content is about 10^31 joules. This heat naturally flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44.2 terrawatts (TW) and is replenished by radioactive decay at a rate of 30 TW. These power rates are more than double humanity’s current energy consumption from primary sources, but most of this power is too diffuse (approximately 0.1 W/m² on average) to be recoverable. The Earth's Crust effectively acts as a thick insulating blanket which must be pierced by fluid conduits (of magma, water or other) to release the heat underneath.

POWER STATION:

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:

Stations that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are usually equipped with emission-control systems to reduce the exhaust. Geothermal stations could theoretically inject these gases back into the earth, as a form of carbon capture and storage.

TUTORIAL LINK: Can be made like the figure above as a model. Motors can be added along with LED's to make it a working project.

Solar Oven

A solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook or pasteurize food or drink. Many solar cookers presently in use are relatively inexpensive, low-tech devices, although some are as powerful or as expensive as traditional stoves, and advanced, large-scale solar cookers can cook for hundreds of people.

Many types of solar cookers exist, including curved concentrator solar cookers, solar ovens, and panel cookers, among others.

A solar oven is turned towards the sun and left until the food is cooked. Unlike cooking on a stove or over a fire, which may require more than an hour of constant supervision, food in a solar oven is generally not stirred or turned over, both because it is unnecessary and because opening the solar oven allows the trapped heat to escape and thereby slows the cooking process. If wanted, the solar oven may be checked every one to two hours, to turn the oven to face the sun more precisely and to ensure that shadows from nearby buildings or plants have not blocked the sunlight. If the food is to be left untended for many hours during the day, then the solar oven is often turned to face the point where the sun will be when it is highest in the sky, instead of towards its current position.

It is important to reduce convection by isolating the air inside the cooker from the air outside the cooker. Simply using a glass lid on your pot enhances light absorption from the top of the pan and provides a greenhouse effect that improves heat retention and minimizes convectional loss. This "glazing" transmits incoming visible sunlight but is opaque to escaping infrared thermal radiation. In resource constrained settings, a high-temperature plastic bag can serve a similar function, trapping air inside and making it possible to reach temperatures on cold and windy days similar to those possible on hot days.

TUTORIAL LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbwliZJiHe8

Passive Infrared Sensor

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors.

A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects. They are commonly used in burglar alarms and automatically-activated lighting systems. They are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared detector".

When used as part of a burglar alarm, the electronics in the PIR typically control a small relay. This relay completes the circuit across a pair of electrical contacts connected to a detection input zone of the burglar alarm control panel. The system is usually designed such that if no motion is being detected, the relay contact is closed—a 'normally closed' (NC) relay. If motion is detected, the relay opens, triggering the alarm.

Pairs of sensor elements may be wired as opposite inputs to a differential amplifier. In such a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel each other so that the average temperature of the field of view is removed from the electrical signal; an increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancelling and will not trigger the device. This allows the device to resist false indications of change in the event of being exposed to brief flashes of light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous high energy exposure may still be able to saturate the sensor materials and render the sensor unable to register further information.) At the same time, this differential arrangement minimizes common-mode interference, allowing the device to resist triggering due to nearby electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot measure temperature in this configuration, and therefore is only useful for motion detection.

TUTORIAL LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMxFqOvQDYs